Prussia had improved its standing in Germany not only by its economic miracle but also by its diplomatic shrewdness. |
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Even so it never envisaged itself as much more than an auxiliary force to the armies of Prussia and Austria. |
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In spite of all experience they hoped that Prussia was more open to liberal ideas than Austria. |
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He revived Britain's international position by joining with Prussia in 1787 to win back from France the predominant influence over the Dutch. |
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The absorption of Poland meant that there was no longer a buffer state separating Russia from Prussia. |
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In August 1914, he was re-called to military service to lead the Eighth Army in Prussia. |
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As the seat of Prussia it boasts of Gothic and baroque architecture reminiscent of other European capitals. |
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The Zollverein, or Customs Union, led by Prussia, was creating a larger and larger free trade zone within the German Confederation. |
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In Prussia the coal of the alder, limetree, poplar, elder, willow, hemp, and hazel is used for powder. |
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Rather, the German state resulted from the union of a collection of principalities and kingdoms under the domination of the strongest, Prussia. |
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There will be performed a serenata called Chariottenburg Festegiante set to music by HM the King of Prussia. |
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It was a mighty Renaissance palace, magnificently remodeled in baroque style for the future Frederick I of Prussia. |
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Those from Switzerland were kicked out of the country for their beliefs and were relocated to Prussia, which is now part of Germany. |
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Under German rule some of the Kashubians were converted to Protestantism, as were the Mazurians in East Prussia. |
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When Prussia defeated France in 1870, it initiated the establishment of a new German Empire, a monarchy over monarchies. |
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While Prussia had used nationalism to overcome France's advantage in recruiting, it found that adopting a meritocracy was more difficult. |
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Prussia formed a state domain at Eberbach, from its abbatial estates throughout the Rheingau. |
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In Prussian Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen, there was resentment against the Prussian government from 1850 onwards, when the area was annexed to Prussia. |
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In Prussia, only the Silesian nobility were involved in industry. |
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The Great Elector was recognised as the sovereign of East Prussia. |
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The Italian question ranged Austria against Italy, which claimed the Austrian province of Venetia, and allied with Prussia in April 1866 to get it. |
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The defeat of Austria by Prussia brought home to Napoleon the need to reconcile all classes, especially the educated middle classes, to the regime. |
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I insist on being read each and every one, so that I may duly reward each well-wisher with a sackful of sugar beets from the Zweibel ancestral home in Prussia. |
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In the east, in Prussia, Poland, Russia, and the eastern provinces of the Habsburg Monarchy, most of the rural population was bound to the soil and their lords as serfs. |
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Incidentally, one of the heroes of that book is Frederick the Great of Prussia, who was almost certainly gay. |
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In the 1790s, for example, Russia and Prussia partitioned Poland, before that an independent kingdom, between them as part of the maintenance of the balance of power. |
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In the teaching of European history, it is the marchlands of Empire, Castile, France, Prussia, that have often fought their way to greatness and fame. |
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France, after the shock of defeat by Prussia in the war of 1870-1, began to look to its cultural achievements as a makeweight to military failure. |
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Given his proven record in command, Franz Josef selected Benedek to command the Habsburg North Army in early 1866 when war with Prussia threatened. |
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The Kingdom of Hanover came to an end in 1866 when it was annexed by Prussia. |
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By 1795, the French had captured the Austrian Netherlands and knocked Spain and Prussia out of the war with the Peace of Basel. |
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Although nominally a federal empire and league of equals, in practice the empire was dominated by the largest and most powerful state, Prussia. |
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The imperial crown was hereditary in the House of Hohenzollern, the ruling house of Prussia. |
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These began in 1815, with the Holy Alliance between Prussia, Russia, and Austria. |
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When Germany was united in 1871, Prussia became part of the new German nation. |
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Initial Russian plans called for simultaneous invasions of Austrian Galicia and East Prussia. |
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After this treaty the Ottoman Empire was able to enjoy a generation of peace, as Austria and Russia were forced to deal with the rise of Prussia. |
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From 1740, the dualism between the Austrian Habsburg Monarchy and the Kingdom of Prussia dominated the German history. |
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Until 1815, France, Russia, Prussia and the Habsburgs competed for hegemony in the German states during the Napoleonic Wars. |
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After the Napoleonic Wars ended in 1815, Trier passed to the Kingdom of Prussia. |
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After the Congress of Vienna, Austria and Prussia emerged as two competitors. |
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Meanwhile, rising power Prussia was struggling with Austria for dominance within and outside the Holy Roman Empire in central Europe. |
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Realizing that war was imminent, Prussia preemptively struck Saxony and quickly overran it. |
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Because of Austria's alliance with France to recapture Silesia, which had been lost in a previous war, Prussia formed an alliance with Britain. |
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In 1756 Austria was making military preparations for war with Prussia and pursuing an alliance with Russia for this purpose. |
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France also saw the dismemberment of Prussia as threatening to the stability of Central Europe. |
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Besthuzev, assuming the preparation was directed against Prussia, was more than happy to obey the request of the British. |
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The Russians and the Austrians were determined to reduce the power of Prussia, the new threat on their doorstep. |
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Along with France, they agreed in 1756 to mutual defense and an attack by Austria and Russia on Prussia, subsidized by France. |
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First, he would seize Saxony and eliminate it as a threat to Prussia, then use the Saxon army and treasury to aid the Prussian war effort. |
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The Russian quartermasters department had not improved, so the same problems reoccurred in Prussia. |
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In January 1758, the Russians invaded East Prussia, where the province, almost denuded of troops, put up little opposition. |
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Prussia began the 1761 campaign with just 100,000 available troops, many of them new recruits, and its situation seemed desperate. |
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Britain now threatened to withdraw its subsidies if Prussia did not consider offering concessions to secure peace. |
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By 1763, the war in central Europe was essentially a stalemate between Prussia and Austria. |
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It was closely allied with government, as in Scandinavia, the Netherlands, Prussia, and especially Great Britain. |
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Denmark lost Schleswig to Austria and Prussia in 1864 as a result of the Second Schleswig War. |
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In the eighteenth century, Russia and Prussia became the leading powers over the sea. |
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It was also a distraction to Napoleon III, on the eve of his coming confrontation with Prussia. |
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The English Jacobites were clear that they would not move without foreign assistance, and Charles turned to Frederick II of Prussia. |
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They included Frederick the Great of Prussia, Catherine the Great of Russia, Leopold II of Tuscany, and Joseph II of Austria. |
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In April 1795, France concluded a peace agreement with Prussia, later that year peace was agreed with Spain. |
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In 1813, Prussia and Austria joined Russian forces in a Sixth Coalition against France. |
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Within months, Prussia declared war, triggering a War of the Fourth Coalition. |
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This war ended disastrously for Prussia, defeated and occupied within 19 days of the campaign's beginning. |
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On 8 October 1806, Napoleon unleashed all the French forces east of the Rhine into Prussia. |
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The Duchy of Lauenburg was transferred from Hanover to Denmark, and Prussia annexed Swedish Pomerania. |
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Saxony left Prussia, and together with small states from north Germany, allied with France. |
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He forced Prussia to fight at Ligny on 16 June 1815, and the defeated Prussians retreated in disorder. |
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In this regard, Prussia was restored in its former borders, and also received large chunks of Poland and Saxony. |
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In order to drag Prussia's attention towards the west and France, the Congress also gave the Rhineland and Westphalia to Prussia. |
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These industrial regions transformed agrarian Prussia into an industrial leader in the nineteenth century. |
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In 1806, the Fourth Coalition took up arms against him because Prussia became worried about growing French influence on the continent. |
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Napoleon invaded Prussia with 180,000 troops, rapidly marching on the right bank of the River Saale. |
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By contrast, Napoleon dictated very harsh peace terms for Prussia, despite the ceaseless exhortations of Queen Louise. |
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Frederick William of Prussia initially promised to help the Austrians, but reneged before conflict began. |
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Heartened by France's loss in Russia, Prussia joined with Austria, Sweden, Russia, Great Britain, Spain, and Portugal in a new coalition. |
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Four days later, Great Britain, Russia, Austria, and Prussia each pledged to put 150,000 men into the field to end his rule. |
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Originally, there was one from Prussia, which was removed during World War I and never reinstated. |
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In the late 17th century many Huguenots fled to England, the Netherlands, Prussia, Switzerland, and the English and Dutch overseas colonies. |
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In this period the Germans started colonising Europe beyond the Empire, into Prussia and Silesia. |
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After the First World War, Poland laid claim to Upper Silesia, which had been part of Prussia. |
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Saar was a province formed from parts of Prussia and the Rhenish Palatinate and placed under League control by the Treaty of Versailles. |
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Denmark was defeated and obliged to cede Schleswig and Holstein to Prussia. |
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The Treaty of Hubertusburg, between Austria, Prussia, and Saxony, was signed on 15 February 1763, at a hunting lodge between Dresden and Leipzig. |
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The only concession that Prussia made to Austria was to consent to the election of Archduke Joseph as Holy Roman emperor. |
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Prussia emerged from the war as a great power whose importance could no longer be challenged. |
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Though depicted as a key moment in Prussia's rise to greatness, the war weakened Prussia. |
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After the Seven Years' War, Prussia become one of the most imitated powers in Europe. |
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Sweden and Prussia were willing to join the UK and France, and Russia was isolated. |
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France lost all its recent conquests, while Prussia, Austria and Russia made major territorial gains. |
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Russia wanted most of Poland, and Prussia wanted all of Saxony, whose king had allied with Napoleon. |
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These states formed a loose German Confederation under the leadership of Austria and Prussia. |
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A classical liberal, he took part in agitation for a constitution and reforms in Prussia, then governed by an absolute monarchy. |
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In 1815, control of the town was passed to Prussia, by an act passed by the Congress of Vienna. |
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In August 1736, Frederick the Great, then Crown Prince of Prussia and a great admirer of Voltaire, initiated a correspondence with him. |
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He was also the patron saint of Prussia and of the Order of the Golden Fleece. |
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Hanseatic cities in Prussia, Livonia, supported the Dutch against the core cities of the Hansa in northern Germany. |
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On 27 January, Manstein was sacked as Chief of Staff of Army Group A and appointed commander of an army corps in East Prussia. |
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Eventually, the Commonwealth was partitioned in 1772, 1792, and 1795 by the Russian Empire, Prussia, and Habsburg Austria. |
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The complete Prussian and German victory brought about the final unification of Germany under King Wilhelm I of Prussia. |
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Also in 1808 the French Empire imposed on the Duchy of Warsaw the Convention of Bayonne to buy from France the debts owed to it by Prussia. |
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Eleven days after Orsini's assassination attempt in France, Victoria's eldest daughter married Prince Frederick William of Prussia in London. |
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The first freikorps were recruited by Frederick II of Prussia during the Seven Years' War. |
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By the early 1750s many saw another major war as imminent, and Austria was preparing its forces for an attempt to retake Silesia from Prussia. |
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Prussia had captured Silesia from Austria during the war and Austria wanted British help to recover it. |
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Alarmed by the sudden switch in the European Balance of Power the British made a similar agreement with Prussia at the Westminster Convention. |
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Frederick the Great had a number of supporters in London, including William Pitt who welcomed the rapprochement between Britain and Prussia. |
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Prussia was extremely alarmed by this development and lobbied hard for it to be reversed. |
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Had Brunswick been defeated at Minden, Hanover would almost certainly have been invaded and the total defeat of Prussia would have been imminent. |
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At times Prussia veered close to total collapse and was now heavily dependent on continued British financial assistance. |
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Lower Saxony was at the western end of the direct escape route from East Prussia and had the longest border with the Soviet Zone. |
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After the defeat of Napoleon in 1815, Luxembourg was disputed between Prussia and the Netherlands. |
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King Frederick William III of Prussia and Emperor Francis II of Austria barely clung to their thrones. |
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Fredrick the Great, Elector of Brandenburg and King of Prussia, commanded the most powerful electorate in the Empire. |
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Following Napoleon's defeat, Prussia emerged as Austria's chief competitor for rule of a Greater Germany. |
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In 1864, Austria and Prussia fought together against Denmark and secured the independence from Denmark of the duchies of Schleswig and Holstein. |
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The Nogat formed part of the border between East Prussia and interwar Poland. |
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During this conflict Russia annexed East Prussia for a while and even took Berlin. |
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They included Frederick the Great of Prussia, Catherine the Great of Russia, Leopold II of Tuscany and Joseph II of Austria. |
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Prussia took the lead among the German states in sponsoring the political reforms that Enlightenment thinkers urged absolute rulers to adopt. |
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Furthermore, this impractical solution did not reflect the new status of Prussia in the overall scheme. |
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This seemed to be the most logical course since Prussia was the strongest of the German states, as well as the largest in geographic size. |
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This limited union under Prussia would have almost entirely eliminated Austrian influence on the other German states. |
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We cannot conceal the fact that the whole German question is a simple alternative between Prussia and Austria. |
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In concert with the newly formed Italy, Bismarck created a diplomatic environment in which Austria declared war on Prussia. |
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Despite calls for rational thought and action, Italy, Prussia, and Austria continued to rush toward armed conflict. |
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Through military victory, Prussia under Bismarck's influence had overcome Austria's active resistance to the idea of a unified Germany. |
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With the proclamation of Wilhelm as Kaiser, Prussia assumed the leadership of the new empire. |
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Many European rulers, including Frederick the Great of Prussia and Catherine the Great of Russia, encouraged the cultivation of the potato. |
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In the aftermath of Northern Crusades William of Modena as Papal legate solved the disputes between the crusaders in Livonia and Prussia. |
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From about 1200 Germans colonized the Baltic coast from Estonia to East Prussia. |
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In 1915, the territory was annexed by the Kingdom of Prussia, without international recognition. |
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This event caused Engels and Marx to go back to their homeland of the Prussia, specifically the city of Cologne. |
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To halt this trend, Frederick William I divided Prussia into regimental cantons. |
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Coal was sold to local mills and railways as well as to France and Prussia. |
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Karl Emil Maximilian Weber was born in 1864, in Erfurt, Province of Saxony, Prussia. |
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Britain felt threatened by the Armed Neutrality Treaty of 1794, which originally involved Denmark and Sweden, and later Prussia and Russia. |
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Denmark was easily beaten by Prussia and Austria, and obliged to relinquish both Schleswig and Holstein. |
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Prussia was a German kingdom and historic state originating out of the Duchy of Prussia and the Margraviate of Brandenburg. |
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Extremely detailed 1873 map Prussia with relief shown by exquisite hachuring. |
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Born in Konigsburg, East Prussia, on February 8, 1921, he was named after the philosopher Immanuel Kant. |
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Born in Konigsberg, East Prussia, in 1867, Kollwitz concentrated on the great themes pervading life, particularly those affecting women. |
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It was not until May 14 that 150,000 German troops surrendered in East Prussia and another 180,000 in Latvia. |
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An example is the occupation of East Prussia by the Soviet Union, and part of Silesia by Poland. |
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The position is identical with that of the Soviet occupation of part of East Prussia, including the city of Konisberg renamed Kaliningrad. |
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When the Russians invaded East Prussia in January 1945, my grandmother and aunt were in Allenstein. |
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When the Russians invaded East Prussia at the end of the war, people ran or were sent to Siberia. |
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In 1763 a peace settlement was reached at the Treaty of Hubertusburg, in which Glatz was returned to Prussia in exchange for the Prussian evacuation of Saxony. |
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Nations that adopted Absolutism include France, Prussia, and Russia. |
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Instead of a war of revenge against Prussia, supported by various German allies, France engaged in a war against all of the German states without any allies of its own. |
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However, it did prevent Prussia from invading parts of Saxony. |
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In Prussia, the development of spiritual renewal as a means to engage in the struggle against Napoleon was argued by, among others, Johann Gottlieb Fichte, a disciple of Kant. |
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Prussia thus exercised influence in both bodies, with executive power vested in the Prussian King as Kaiser, who appointed the federal chancellor. |
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However, none of this had happened yet, and after 1763, various nations all sent officers to Prussia to learn the secrets of Prussia's military power. |
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Prussia passed laws to encourage Germanisation of the Prussian Partition including the provinces of Posen and West Prussia in the late 19th century. |
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Among these were the Russian Empire, the restored French monarchy, the German Confederation, under the dominance of Prussia, the Austrian Empire, and the Ottoman Empire. |
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Although there were hundreds of wooden castles in Prussia and Livonia, the use of bricks and mortar was unknown in the region before the Crusaders. |
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Prussia never had more than 320,000 men under arms at any time. |
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Frederick William, Elector of Brandenburg, invited Huguenots to settle in his realms, and a number of their descendants rose to positions of prominence in Prussia. |
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Spruce, a sort of leather corruptly so called for Prussia leather. |
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Poland remained partitioned between Russia, Prussia and Austria, with the largest part, the newly created Kingdom of Poland, remaining under Russian control. |
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While Prussia, Austria, and Russia, as absolute monarchies, tried to suppress liberalism wherever it might occur, the British came to terms with new ideas. |
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The essay begins with a statement about Russia's incurable weakness and ends with warnings against Prussia, the dangerous aggressor in a future European war. |
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The First Coalition to oppose revolutionary France, which included Austria, Prussia, and Spain, broke up in 1795 when Prussia and Spain made separate peace with France. |
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Later, Marx and Engels both began writing for six different newspapers around the world in England, the United States, Prussia, Austria and South Africa. |
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With wars against Prussia and Austria having started earlier in 1792, in November 1792 France also declared war on the Kingdom of Great Britain and the Dutch Republic. |
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His brother Joseph Ewart became British ambassador to Prussia. |
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In 1817, Frederick William III of Prussia ordered the Lutheran and Reformed churches in his territory to unite, forming the Evangelical Church of the Prussian Union. |
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In the 1840s, two British citizens who travelled Europe advertising the sale of land in Cabo Gracias a Dios attracted the interest of Prince Charles of Prussia. |
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This is why the former Soviet Union seized East Prussia, displacing about 15 million Germans and why Poland seized part of Silesia, including ironically Auschwitz. |
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In 1853, the Kingdom of Prussia bought a part of the western shore of the bay from Oldenburg, in order to use the harbour as a Prussian naval base, later called Wilhelmshaven. |
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During the second half of the 19th century, Dutch was banned from all levels of education by both Prussia and France and lost most of its functions as a cultural language. |
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Historically, Low German was also spoken in formerly German parts of Poland as well as in East Prussia and the Baltic States of Estonia and Latvia. |
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The newly created emperor, Wilhelm I, as King of Prussia, had previously been head of state of the strongest state forming part of the new empire. |
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Fighting broke out between France and Britain in 1754, but war was only formally declared in 1756 when France went to war with a British ally, Prussia. |
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Frederick the Great, the king of Prussia from 1740 to 1786, saw himself as a leader of the Enlightenment and patronized philosophers and scientists at his court in Berlin. |
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However, King Frederick I of Prussia also claimed the Principality as the senior cognatic heir, his mother Louise Henriette being Albertine Agnes's older sister. |
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Prussia under the Hohenzollerns is as much a symbol as a former kingdom. |
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It was formerly known as King of Prussia after a local pub, then Eskdale Green, and since has changed between Eskdale Green and The Green several times. |
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At a meeting with Hitler in East Prussia war hero Colonel Count Claus von Stauffenberg hid a bomb in a briefcase, left it under the table and made an excuse to leave. |
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In the period between the 8th and 14th centuries, there was much piracy in the Baltic from the coasts of Pomerania and Prussia, and the Victual Brothers even held Gotland. |
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Prussia had retaken all of Silesia from the Austrians, and after Frederick's 1762 victory at the Battle of Burkersdorf he held most of Saxony but not its capital, Dresden. |
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The loss of Kolberg cost Prussia its last port on the Baltic Sea. |
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Sweden declared war on Prussia and invaded Pomerania with 17,000 men. |
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Still, the Imperial Russian Army was a new threat to Prussia. |
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Some supporters of George II were strong advocates of support for Prussia, as they saw it would be impossible to defend his realm of Hanover if they were to be defeated. |
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Within a short time Prussia was being attacked on four fronts, by Austria from the south, France from the west, Russia from the east, and Sweden from the north. |
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Britain concluded a treaty whereby Prussia agreed to protect Hanover. |
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Frederick saw Saxony and Polish west Prussia as potential fields for expansion but could not expect French support if he started an aggressive war for them. |
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On 2 June 1746, Austria and Russia concluded a defensive alliance that covered their own territory and Poland against attack by Prussia or the Ottoman Empire. |
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A separate peace agreement between Austria and Prussia was concluded at the Treaty of Hubertusburg on 15 February returning Central Europe to the status quo ante bellum. |
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The promulgation of a common constitution for Denmark and Schleswig in November 1863 prompted Otto von Bismarck to intervene and Prussia and Austria declared war on Denmark. |
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Like Sweden, Russia concluded a separate peace with Prussia. |
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Faced with this sudden turn of events, Britain aligned herself with Prussia, in a series of political manoeuvres known as the Diplomatic Revolution. |
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Upon the surrender of Warsaw to General Ivan Paskievich, many Polish troops, feeling they could not go on, withdrew into Prussia and there laid down their arms. |
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In 1466, after the Thirteen Years' War, King Casimir IV Jagiellon gave royal consent to the Peace of Thorn, which created the future Duchy of Prussia, a Polish vassal. |
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In 1866, the feud between Austria and Prussia finally came to a head. |
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Poland became a separate nation and was given access to the sea by the creation of the Polish Corridor, which separated Prussia from the rest of Germany. |
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Under this rule the Soviets occupied East Prussia, creating 10,000,000 German refugees who were absorbed by West or East Germany, or the West in general. |
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In the case of the Masurian population in the area of East Prussia the language was obviously Polish by a linguistic definition, but the population was strongly Protestant. |
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In March 1939, Hitler demanded the return of the Free City of Danzig and the Polish Corridor, a strip of land that separated East Prussia from the rest of Germany. |
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However, the annexed territories though incorporated into the Kingdom of Prussia and the Habsburg Realm, were not legally considered as a part of the Holy Roman Empire. |
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In response, Germany rapidly moved the 8th Field Army from its previous role as reserve for the invasion of France to East Prussia by rail across the German Empire. |
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The engagement resulted in a decisive victory for the Coalition of Austria, Prussia, Russia, Saxony, and Sweden, and it ended French power east of the Rhine. |
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Generally, an enlarged Prussia and the 38 other states consolidated from the mediatized territories of 1803 were confederated within the Austrian Empire's sphere of influence. |
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The new chancellors had difficulty in performing their roles, especially the additional role as Prime Minister of Prussia assigned to them in the German Constitution. |
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The Germanization policies were targeted particularly against the significant Polish minority of the empire, gained by Prussia in the Partitions of Poland. |
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This giveaway marks another successful step in the Kravco Simon Company, developer and manager of King of Prussia Mall, and Chevrolet marketing alliance. |
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With the Netherlands falling, Prussia also decided to leave the coalition, signing the Peace of Basel on 6 April, ceding the west bank of the Rhine to France. |
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In the Napoleonic Wars, Denmark traded with both France and the United Kingdom and joined the League of Armed Neutrality with Russia, Sweden, and Prussia. |
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Any later plans to break up the dominating Prussia into smaller states failed because political circumstances were not favourable to state reforms. |
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