| Here '↑' denotes the exponentiation function, and these are evaluated from right to left. |
| Computing individual hexadecimal digits using that formula relies on a venerable technique known as the binary algorithm for exponentiation. |
| I was particularly dismayed at Lewand's treatment of modular exponentiation, which is the central operation in many cryptosystems. |
| Group 2 uses a 1024-bit modular exponentiation that prevents attackers from decrypting previous IPsec transmissions even if a private key is compromised. |
| Imposing time reversibility has the computational advantage that the matrix exponentiation can be carried out without much difficulty. |
| Computing discrete logarithms is apparently difficult, while the inverse problem of discrete exponentiation is not. |
