| William Beebe's bathyscaphe, based on a steel balloon, and the submersibles which followed, changed the way in which oceanographers were able to gather information. |
| This last course was held in November 1999 with the participation of 20 oceanographers. |
| Physical oceanographers may be astonished at the idea of using the unsteady ocean as a reference for monitoring land vertical motion. |
| Extensive data pre-processing is necessary, requiring cooperation of geodesists and oceanographers. |
| Deadly to explorers, inhospitable to even the mightiest ships and scientific techniques, the vast Southern Ocean has been a closed book to oceanographers until recently. |
| The Ministry through its relevant units has proposed sponsoring up to five meteorologists and oceanographers for the programme. |
