| During the half-century after J. S. Bach's death in 1750, musical standards in Lutheranism declined rapidly in the face of triumphant Enlightenment rationalism and pietism. |
| His studies of the Quakers and of pietism described passive inwardness and feeling as the dominant characteristics of the German Enlightenment. |
| He studied at the University of Leipzig, and in 1711 attended the University of Halle, birthplace and stronghold of pietism. |
| Rather than appealing to reason, pietism emphasized the strong emotional power of personal religious experience. |
| He was seminal in establishing Pure Land pietism as one of the central forms of Buddhism in Japan. |
| Both built pietism into their systems, believing that society must be converted before the state could be conquered. |
